This is Story Fanatic, a collection of articles covering story structure and analysis for creative writers. Published weekly.
Impact Character
The Impact Character within a complete story provides an alternative paradigm that challenges the Main Character to reexamine his or her own point-of-view. This can be, but most often isn’t, the Antagonist of a story. By the end of the story, either the Impact Character’s influence will have won out and the Main Character will alter their paradigm, or their influence will have strengthened the Main Character’s resolve and the Impact Character will alter their paradigm. Thus, this character is essential for a story to have meaning.
Four Throughlines
Every complete story consists of four throughlines. The Overall Story Throughline, which is an objective look at the problem affecting everyone in the story. The Main Character Throughline which obviously covers the central character with which the audience empathizes most with. The Impact Character Throughline who provides an alternate way of solving the problem at hand and a perspective different from the Main Character. Finally, there is the Subjective Story or Relationship Throughline – which covers the relationship between the Main Character and the Impact Character. Having all four of these in a story is required if the Author’s intention is to argue some greater meaning.
Steadfast Main Character
This central character is defined as Steadfast because during the moment of crisis, when their Resolve is most tested, they stick with their approach to solving the story’s problem. This perseverance in no way guarantees a successful outcome. It simply describes a character who maintains their tried and tested paradigm.
Change Main Character
This central character is defined as Change because during the moment of crisis, when their Resolve is most tested, they drop their approach to solving the story’s problems and adopt a new one. This change in no way guarantees a success. It simply describes a character who trades their old paradigm for a new one.
story outcome
The Story Outcome determines whether or not the Protagonist succeeded or failed in their attempts to resolve the central Story Goal. This bit of story structure focuses on the logistical “outcome” of the story. Combined with the Story Judgment, it helps to create the Meaningful Ending that every great Author aspires to.
Dramatica
Dramatica is the story theory to beat all other story theories. Based on the simple idea that every complete story is really an analogy to a single human mind trying to solve a problem, this revolutionary understanding explains what makes great stories so compelling. To learn more about this theory in detail, be sure to visit the Dramatica website.
Main Character Resolve
At the end of every complete story, the Main Character will be faced with an important decision: either continue to solve problems the way he or she always has, or change their approach and attempt to solve the problem differently. The Main Character Resolve determines what their answer will be. If they maintain their approach they are said to be Steadfast. If they adopt a new paradigm, they are said to be Change.
Personal Triumph
Personal triumphs are stories that explore what its like to feel good about losing out. While the efforts in the primary throughline may have failed, the Main Character has grown to a point where they have overcome their own personal angst. This is why these stories are often called “bittersweet” - the good guys may have lost, but the Main Character goes home happy.
Personal Tragedy
A personal tragedy exists when the Main Character is unable to resolve their own personal angst. Have they overcome that personal problem that was bugging them since the beginning? Or are they still haunted by the demons and issues that they began the story with? The latter is a personal tragedy; the former is not.
Overall Story
There are four major throughlines in every complete story. The Overall Story, or what is commonly referred to as the “A” story line or “headline,” often describes what the story is “all about.” It represents a very dispassionate view of the story’s problems as it steps back and looks at the characters as functions, almost like chess pieces on a board. From this perspective, names and personal problems are not as important as the character’s role and story function.
Main Character
The Main Character of a story represents the audience’s personal perspective into the story. Through this perspective, we the audience get to experience what it would be like personally to experience the story’s problems. The Main Character may or may not be the Protagonist. Protagonist describes a function, whereas the Main Character describes a perspective or point-of-view.
Protagonist
This is the character driving the story forward; the one leading the charge towards the Story Goal. This character may or may not be the Main Character of the story. Either way, the main function of the Protagonist is to Pursue.
Hero
When the Main Character of a story also happens to be the one driving the story forward (Protagonist), he or she is considered the Hero of the story. Many story theorists/gurus collapse the concept of MC, Protagonist and Hero all into one. While this works for most stories (particularly Western film), it tends to ignore those stories where the Main Character is “along for the ride.” Separating these concepts allows for greater accuracy in analyzing and developing a story.
Story Limit
Every complete story needs to signify to the audience when it will be done. Stories come to an end either because the characters run out of time, or because they run out of options.
Whether you find yourself barreling down an intergalactic trench at top speeds, or you find yourself twirling around and around and around in again in the hopes of measuring up to the stiffest competition around, the problem at the heart of your struggle may turn out to be the very same thing. For Luke Skywalker and Nina Sayers this possibility becomes a certainty. Their stories at large may be vastly different, but their internal struggles are one and the same.
In an attempt to understand the various machinations at work behind the scenes of a well-told story, many look to the Hero’s Journey, or various models thereof, as the answer. Unfortunately, the analysis that comes as a result is severely lacking in meaningful content and accuracy. The key is truly understanding what problems the Main Character of a story faces.
Why is it many can be so quick to brush off a particular understanding of story structure? Having their trust so completely eroded by those who came before, those who tried and failed to explain the real purpose of story, many would rather stick their head in the sand than experience further disappointment. The time may have come for those individuals to dip their toes in the water once again.
The Dramatica theory of story is not simply a tool for analysis. When one understands the concepts within, a whole world of narrative possibilities opens up. What many see as a confusing mishmash of pseudo-Jungian gobbledygook, actually becomes a springboard for creative writing that engages and enlightens an Author on what they’re really trying to say.
There are several different ways to end a story meaningfully. Triumphs end with scenes of joy and revelry. Tragedies culminate with characters in despair over their ultimate failure. Yet there is another kind of ending that happens somewhere in-between the two, an ending that doesn’t call upon things to be so black and white.
There are two ways to adapt a favorite novel or short story for the silver screen – the right way and the wrong way. The first requires a comprehensive understanding of the original source material. The second only needs an ambivalence towards the mechanism behind what makes great stories great.
Finding meaning in the events that unfold in our lives is the responsibility of every screenwriter. Communicating that meaning with clarity and precision is the responsibility of effective story structure. Combine the two together and you elevate a simple biopic into something meaningful and lasting.
Dennis Lehane’s novel Mystic River offers a rare insight into the complex dynamics that make up a Main Character’s “arc.” The less straight-forward that growth is, the closer to real life the portrayal will be and the more meaningful it will be for the audience.
Screenwriters looking to write films that are a bit more complex and subtle in their approach, would do well to understand the mechanics behind the “bittersweet” ending. Juxtaposing success or failure in the main storyline with the emotional fulfillment (or lack thereof) of the Main Character leads to more complex, more true-to-life storytelling. When looking at the “sweet” half of bittersweet endings, the message is clear: sometimes losing can be the best thing.
The tragic story, while a downer for any audience, carries with it significant meaning. Authors who wish to write stories that tell of both personal and extra-personal destruction can do so through the use of a tragic story structure. The key is understanding that this destruction comes as a result of failing to resolve the story’s major problems.
Screenplays that strive to be about something more than explosions and attractive personalities must come to a conclusion with one of four meaningful endings. No matter how subtle or obvious the storytelling may be, every single complete story told will either be a Triumph, a Personal Triumph, a Personal Tragedy, or a Tragedy. In this first of a series of articles, Hollywood’s favorite – the Triumph – is examined.
Dramatica can seem a bit overwhelming when you first start out. I remember flipping through the dictionary at the back of the theory book and thinking, “This is insane!” But after eight years of working with it, I’ve got the model pretty much memorized (at least down to the Variation level) and have a pretty good understanding of each of the terms.
